The growing participation of international organizations and non-state actors in international litigation:

An empirical map of the International Court of Justice

Autores

  • Prof. Paula Wojcikiewicz Almeida FGV Direito Rio, Centro de Excelência Jean Monnet
  • Gabriela Hühne Porto FGV Direito Rio
  • Giulia Tavares Romay FGV Direito Rio
  • Mariana Gouvea de Oliveira FGV Direito Rio

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.9732/2023.V127.968

Palavras-chave:

International Court of Justice; participation; amicus curiae; NSA; IGO.

Resumo

Nas últimas décadas, as organizações intergovernamentais aumentaram seu envolvimento no processo de elaboração do direito internacional. Mudanças recentes incluem a participação de novos atores e um papel mais influente dos órgãos judiciais ligados às organizações internacionais. Tendo como foco a Corte Internacional de Justiça (CIJ), esta análise abordará o potencial e os limites da participação de organizações intergovernamentais (OI) e atores não estatais em processos contenciosos e consultivos. Amici curiae “são aqueles atores que não têm um interesse legalmente protegido no caso particular e intencionam intervir”, abrindo assim o litígio bilateral para questões de interesse público ou geral. O Estatuto da CIJ e o seu Regulamento não contêm nenhuma disposição que preveja a participação como amicus curiae em casos contenciosos. Situação semelhante ocorre no que se refere aos procedimentos consultivos: não há previsão expressa de participação. Não há dúvida de que os procedimentos da CIJ permanecem desatualizados e desconectados dos desenvolvimentos contemporâneos que caracterizam a comunidade internacional atualmente. A participação dos membros da sociedade internacional no processo legislativo tornou-se uma das características básicas do direito internacional. Ao aplicar metodologia de pesquisa empírica para mapear a prática da CIJ no que diz respeito ao envio de informações relevantes ao Tribunal, esta pesquisa visa discutir os limites e as potencialidades dos mecanismos disponíveis para garantir a participação de OIs e atores não estatais em casos contenciosos e procedimentos consultivos.

Biografia do Autor

Prof. Paula Wojcikiewicz Almeida , FGV Direito Rio, Centro de Excelência Jean Monnet

Professor of International Law and EU Law, Getulio Vargas Foundation Law School in Rio de Janeiro (since 2008). Director of the Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence on EU-South America Global Governance, sponsored by the European Commission at the Getulio Vargas Foundation Law School. Associate Researcher at the Institute of International and European Law at the Sorbonne (IREDIES). Professor of the Post-Graduate Programs of the Getulio Vargas Foundation Law School and of the Masters in International Relations of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Getulio Vargas Foundation in Rio de Janeiro. Qualified as ‘maître des conferences’ in Public Law (France, CNU). Nominated Brazilian Member of the International Law Association Committee on the Procedure of International Courts and Tribunals. Chair of the Interest Group on ‘International Courts and Tribunals’ of the Latin American Society of International Law (LASIL). Doctorate with honors summa cum laude in International and European Law at the Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (mention très honorable avec les félicitations du jury à l’unanimité, recommandé à des prix de thèse et à des subventions à la publication). Masters of Law (Master II Recherche - former DEA) in Public International and European Law - Université Paris XI, Faculté Jean Monnet. Post-doctoral visiting scholar at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law (2014). Visiting professor at the École de droit de la Sorbonne, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (2019). Visiting professor at the University of Salzburg (since 2017).

Gabriela Hühne Porto, FGV Direito Rio

Mestranda em Direito Internacional no Programa de Pós-Graduação da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). Pesquisadora do Centro de Excelência Jean Monnet da FGV Direito Rio (FGV Centre of Excellence on EU-South America Global Governance).

Giulia Tavares Romay, FGV Direito Rio

Mestranda em Direito Internacional Privado no Programa de Pós-Graduação da Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA). Pesquisadora do Centro de Excelência Jean Monnet da FGV Direito Rio (FGV Centre of Excellence on EU-South America Global Governance).

Mariana Gouvea de Oliveira, FGV Direito Rio

Mestranda em Direito Internacional no Programa de Pós-Graduação da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). Pesquisadora do Centro de Excelência Jean Monnet da FGV Direito Rio (FGV Centre of Excellence on EU-South America Global Governance).

Referências

References

Doctrine:

Articles in Journals

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LINDBLOM, Anna-Karin. Non-governmental Organizations in International Law. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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ROSENNE, Shabtai. Reflections on the Position of the Individual in Inter State Litigation in the International Court of Justice. In: SANDERS, P. (ed.). International Arbitration: Liber Amicorum for Martin Domke. MartinusNijhoff, 1967.

ROSENNE, Shabtai. The Law and Practice of the International Court, 1920-1996, v. II. MartinusNijhoff, 1997.

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TAMS, Christian J.; DEVANEY, James G. Part Three Statute of the International Court of Justice, Ch.III Procedure, Article 50. In: ZIMMERMANN, A.; TAMS, C. J.; OELLERS-FRAHM, K.; TOMUSCHAT, C. (eds.). The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary, 3ª ed. Oxford University Press, 2019.

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ZYBERI, Gentian. Non-State actors from the perspective of International Law Commission. In: D’ASPREMONT, J. (ed.). Participants in the International Legal System. Routledge, 2011.

Documents

ILA, International Law Association. Report on ‘Non State Actors’, Sofia Conference. ILA, 2012.

ILA, International Law Association, Report on ‘Non State Actors’, Johannesburg Conference. ILA, 2016.

ILO, International Labour Organization. Amendments to the Statute of the ILO Administrative Tribunal adopted. ILO, 14 June 2016. Available at: <https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/how-the-ilo-works/departments-and-offices/jur/legal-instruments/WCMS_498369/lang--en/index.htm>

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UK Chagos Support Association, Chagossian Speaks In International Court Of Justice Chagos Case. CHAGOSSUPPORT, 10 September 2018. Available at: <https://www.chagossupport.org.uk/single-post/2018/09/11/Chagossian-speaks-in-International-Court-of-Justice-Chagos-case>

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UNHCHR, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, doc. A/HRC/42/50. United Nations, 2019.

UNHR:OHC, United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner, Myanmar: UN Fact-Finding Mission releases its full account of massive violations by military in Rakhine, Kachin and Shan States, United Nations, 18 September 2018. Available at:

Jurisprudence:

Contentious cases:

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) (Judgment: Jurisdiction of the Court) [2000] ICJ Rep 12.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Iran v. United States) (Observations of the International Civil Aviation Organization) 4 December 1992 .

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Iran v. United States) (Order of 22 February) [1996] ICJ Rep 9.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Iran v. United States) (Settlement Agreement) 9 February 1996 .

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2016] ICJ Rep 3.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [1952] ICJ Rep 93.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan) (Judgment) [1972] ICJ Rep 46.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [1996] ICJ Rep 595.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2008] ICJ Rep 412.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Gambia v. Myanmar) (Order: Provisional Measures) 23 January 2020 .

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russia) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2011] ICJ Rep 70.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russia) (Judgment) 8 November 2019 accessed 10 January 2020 p. 10, para 12.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) (Judgment: Jurisdiction and Admissibility) [2006] ICJ Rep 6.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) (Judgment: Merits) [2005] ICJ Rep 168.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) (Order of 12 October) [2020] ICJ Rep 295.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Asylum (Colombia v. Peru) (Judgement) [1950] ICJ Rep 266.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Asylum (Colombia v. Peru) (Part IV, Correspondence) 7 March 1950 .

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States) (Judgment) [2004] ICJ Rep 12.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras) (Judgment: Jurisdiction and Admissibility) [1988] ICJ Rep 69.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Case concerning the Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [1959] ICJ Rep 127.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Case concerning rights of nationals of the United States of America in Morocco (France v. United States) (Judgment of August 27) [1952] ICJ Rep 176.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (Order: Provisional Measures) [2011] ICJ Rep 6.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania) (Judgment: Assessment of Compensation) [1949] ICJ Rep 244.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada v United States) (Judgment: Merits) ICJ Rep [1984], p. 246.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada v United States) (Order of 30 March) [1984] ICJ Rep 165.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Diallo (Guinea v Democratic Republic of the Congo) (Application instituting proceedings) 28 December 1998. Available at: <https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/103/7175.pdf>.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Diallo (Guinea v Democratic Republic of the Congo) (Compensation) [2012] General List No 103 ICJ.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (Judgment) [2009] ICJ Rep 213.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) (Judgment) [1995] ICJ Rep 90.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, ElettronicaSicula S.p.A. (ELSI) (United States v. Italy) ICJ Pleadings vol III (Oral Arguments; Correspondence) p. 313 et seq.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, ElettronicaSicula S.p.A. (ELSI) (United States v. Italy) (Judgement) [1989] ICJ Rep 15.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) (Judgment: Jurisdiction of the Court) [1998] ICJ Rep 432.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Gabcikovo-Nagymaros (Hungary v. Slovakia) (Judgment: Merits) [1997] ICJ Rep 7.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Gabcikovo-Nagymaros (Hungary v. Slovakia) (Memorial of the Republic of Hungary, volume V, annexes, part I) 2 May 1994 .

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Gabcikovo-Nagymaros (Hungary v. Slovakia) (Memorial of the Republic of Hungary, volume V, annexes, part II) 2 May 1994 .

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Gabcikovo-Nagymaros (Hungary v. Slovakia) (Memorial of the Republic of Slovakia, volume II, annexes) 2 May 1994 .

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Gabcikovo-Nagymaros (Hungary v. Slovakia) (Memorial of the Republic of Slovakia, volume III, annexes) 2 May 1994 .

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Gabcikovo-Nagymaros (Hungary v. Slovakia) (Memorial of the Republic of Slovakia, volume IV, annexes) 2 May 1994 .

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Gabcikovo-Nagymaros (Hungary v. Slovakia) (Order of 14 July) [1993] ICJ Rep 319.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Gabcikovo-Nagymaros (Hungary v. Slovakia) (Order of 20 December) [1994] ICJ Rep 151.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia) (Judgment: Merits) [1997] ICJ Rep 7.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2018] ICJ Rep 292.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana v Namibia) (Judgment: Merits) [1999] ICJ Rep 1045.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, LaGrand (Germany v. United States) (Judgment) [2001] ICJ Rep 466.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2004] ICJ Rep 279.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2004] ICJ Rep 429.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. France) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2004] ICJ Rep 575.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Germany) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2004] ICJ Rep 720.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2004] ICJ Rep 865.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Netherlands) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2004] ICJ Rep 1011.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2004] ICJ Rep 1160.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. United Kingdom) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2004] ICJ Rep 1307.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) (Provisional Measures: Order of 2 June) [1999] ICJ Rep 761.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States) (Provisional Measures: Order of 2 June) [1999] ICJ Rep 916.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v Bahrain) (Judgment: Merits) [2001] ICJ Rep 40.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean – Land Boundary in the Northern Part of Isla Portillos (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (Expert Opinion) 30 April 2017 .

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean – Land Boundary in the Northern Part of Isla Portillos (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (Judgment) [2018] ICJ Rep 167.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean – Land Boundary in the Northern Part of Isla Portillos (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (Order of 2 February) [2017] ICJ Rep 91.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean – Land Boundary in the Northern Part of Isla Portillos (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (Order of 31 May) [2016] ICJ Rep 235.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean – Land Boundary in the Northern Part of Isla Portillos (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (Order of 16 June) [2016] ICJ Rep 240.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) (Judgment) [2009] ICJ Rep 61

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v. Kenya) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2017] ICJ Rep 3.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) (Judgment) [2014] ICJ Rep 3.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States) (Judgment: Merits) [1986] ICJ Rep 14.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2015] ICJ Rep 597.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom)(Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2016] ICJ Rep 833.;

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Oil Platforms (Iran v. United States) (Judgment: Preliminary Objection) [1996] ICJ Rep 803.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) (Judgment) [2010] ICJ Rep 14, p. 77-78, para 190.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) (Judgment: Joint Dissenting Opinion of Judges Al-Khasawneh and Simma) [2010] ICJ Rep 14, para. 1 and 17.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) (Judgment: Declaration of Judge Yusuf) [2010] ICJ Rep 14, para. 7.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2016] ICJ Rep 100.;

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libya v. United Kingdom) (Judgment) [1998] ICJ Rep 9.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libya v. United States) (Judgment) [1998] ICJ Rep 115.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) (Judgment) [2012] ICJ Rep 422.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) (Judgment: Second Phase) ICJ Rep [1966] 6.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v Thailand) (Judgment: Merits) [1962] ICJ Rep 6.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) (Judgment) [2007] ICJ Rep 659.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) (Judgment: Preliminary Objections) [2007] ICJ Rep 832.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States v. Iran) (Judgment) [1980] ICJ Rep 3.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paraguay v. United States) (Provisional Measures: Order of 9 April) [1998] ICJ Rep 248.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening) (Judgment: Merits) [2014] ICJ Rep 226.

Advisory Opinions:

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo (Advisory Opinion) [2010] ICJ Rep 403.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo (Further Written Contribution of the Authors of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence) 17 July 2009 <https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/141/15708.pdf>.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo (Written Contribution of the Authors of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence) 17 April 2009 <https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/141/15678.pdf>.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Applicability of Article VI, Section 22, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations (Advisory Opinion) [1989] ICJ Rep 177.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Applicability of the Obligation to Arbitrate under Section 21 of the United Nations Headquarters Agreement of 26 June 1947 (Advisory Opinion) [1988] ICJ Rep 12.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Application for Review of Judgment No 158 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal (Advisory Opinion) [1973] ICJ Rep 166.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Application for Review of Judgment No 158 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal (Advisory Opinion: Dissenting Opinion of Judge Morozov) [1973] ICJ Rep 296.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Application for Review of Judgment No 273 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal (Advisory Opinion) [1982] ICJ Rep 325.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Application for Review of Judgment No 273 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal (Advisory Opinion: Dissenting Opinion of Judge Morozov) [1982] ICJ Rep 435.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Application for Review of Judgment No 273 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal (Advisory Opinion: Dissenting Opinion of Judge Mosler) [1982] ICJ Rep 380.

ICJ, International Court of Justice, Application for Review of Judgment No 273 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal (Advisory Opinion: Dissenting Opinion of Judge El-Khani) [1982] ICJ Rep 446.

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2023-12-29

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Wojcikiewicz Almeida, P., Hühne Porto, G. ., Tavares Romay, G. ., & Gouvea de Oliveira, M. . (2023). The growing participation of international organizations and non-state actors in international litigation:: An empirical map of the International Court of Justice . Revista Brasileira De Estudos Políticos, 127(2). https://doi.org/10.9732/2023.V127.968

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v. 127 n. 2 (2023): RBEP 127

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