Custos morais e direito comparado
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.9732.2020.v121.845Palavras-chave:
Direito Comparado, Custos morais, Calabresi, Direito e EconomiaResumo
Para Guido Calabresi, os custos morais surgem quando a comunidade rejeita estruturas autoritárias ou de mercado que estabelecem preços para bens meritórios, ou recusa que o acesso a esses bens dependa da riqueza individual. Reconhecer que aos custos morais deve ser atribuída a mesma importância dos custos de transação significa enfrentar duas dificuldades metodológicas: primeira, a identificação dos contextos em que os custos morais são relevantes; segunda, a seleção das estruturas autoritárias ou de mercado capazes de geri-los. Neste artigo, propõe-se uma perspectiva comparativa para enfrentar ambas as dificuldades. Mais especificamente, é proposta uma análise em três estágios para identificar os contextos nos quais os custos morais são relevantes: a seleção de áreas nas quais é plausível esperar que os custos morais e os custos de transação se movam em direções opostas (primeira fase); a avaliação das estruturas institucionais que em cada sistema jurídico contribuem para reduzir ou aumentar as desigualdades (segunda fase); e o uso de dados empíricos sobre a difusão de certos princípios morais em diferentes países para confirmar a relevância dos custos morais em contextos específicos (terceira fase). Com referência à gestão dos custos morais, são listados alguns fatores que devem ser levados em consideração para a seleção de estruturas autoritárias ou de mercado. Além disso, sugere-se que a análise comparativa deve servir para avaliar quais dessas estruturas são compatíveis com cada contexto institucional.
Referências
ADLER, Matthew D. Measuring social welfare: An introduction. Oxford University Press, USA, 2019.
ALESINA, Alberto; et al. Intergenerational mobility and preferences for redistribution. American Economic Review, v. 108, n. 2, p. 521-54, 2018.
ALVAREDO, Facundo et al. (Ed.). World inequality report 2018. World Inequality Lab, 2017.
AMATO, Giuliano. Non tocca all’antitrust. Mercato Concorrenza Regole, v. 18, n. 1, 2016.
ATKINSON, Anthony B. Measuring poverty around the world. Princeton University Press, 2019.
BAKER, Jonathan B.; SALOP, Steven C. Antitrust, politica della concorrenza e disuguaglianza. Mercato concorrenza regole, v. 18, n. 1, p. 7-34, 2016.
BANERJEE, Abhijit V.; DUFLO, Esther. Good economics for hard times: Better answers to our biggest problems. Penguin UK, 2019.
BELL, Abraham; PARCHOMOVSKY, Gideon. Pliability Rules, 101 Mich. L. Rev, v. 1, n. 5, 2003.
BEN-SHAHAR, Omri; PORAT, Ariel. Personalizing mandatory rules in contract law. U. Chi. L. Rev., v. 86, p. 255, 2019.
BERNDT, Christian. Behavioural economics and development policy. STRAßHEIM, Holger; BECK, Silke. Introduction to the handbook of behavioural change and public policy. Handbook of behavioural change and public policy. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019.
BOWLES, Samuel. The moral economy: Why good incentives are no substitute for good citizens. Yale University Press, 2016.
BRADFORD, Anu; et al. The Chicago School's Limited Influence on International Antitrust. The University of Chicago Law Review, v. 87, n. 2, p. 297-330, 2020.
BROOKS, John et al. Cross-Subsidies: Government's Hidden Pocketbook. Geo. LJ, v. 106, p. 1229, 2018.
CALABRESI, Guido e BOBBITT, Philip. Tragic Choices, New York e London, 1978. Tradução em italiano: Scelte tragiche, 2° ed., Milano, 2006.
CALABRESI, Guido. The Future of Law and Economics: Comments and Reflections. Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies, v. 16, n. 1, p. 167-178, 2017.
CALABRESI, Guido.The future of law and economics: Essays in reform and recollection. Yale University Press, 2016. Tradução em italiano: FIMMANÒ, F.; OCCORSIO, V. Il Futuro del Law and Economics. 2018.
CANEY, Simon. Global Distributive Justice: Seven Theses about Facts and Empirical Research. The Oxford Handbook of International Political Theory, p. 103-17, 2018.
CATERINA, Raffaele. Comparative law and economics. Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, 2° ed., Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012.
CLAESSENS, Scott et al. The dual evolutionary foundations of political ideology. Nature Human Behaviour, p. 1-10, 2020.
COLLIER, Paul. The future of capitalism: Facing the new anxieties. Penguin UK, 2018. Tradução em italiano: Il futuro del capitalismo: fronteggiare le nuove ansie, Bari/Roma, 2020 (versão ePub)
CORAPI, E. Regulatory Sandbox nel Fintech?. Diritto del commercio internazionale, 2019.
CREMONA, Brando Maria. RegTech 3.0: verso un Regulatory Sandbox europeo?. Mercato Concorrenza Regole, v. 21, n. 3, p. 547-577, 2019.
CSERNE, Péter. Knowledge claims in Law and Economics: Gaps and bridges between theoretical and practical rationality. Law and Economics as Interdisciplinary Exchange. Routledge, 2019. p. 9-30.
DE CONINCK, Julie. Reinvigorating comparative law through behavioral economics? A cautiously optimistic view. Review of Law & Economics, v. 7, n. 3, p. 711-736, 2011.
DEAKIN, Simon et al. Legal institutionalism: Capitalism and the constitutive role of law. Journal of Comparative Economics, v. 45, n. 1, p. 188-200, 2017.
DERNBACH, John C. The Dozen Types of Legal Tools in the Deep Decarbonizaiton Toolbox. Energy LJ, v. 39, p. 313, 2018.
DESMARAIS-TREMBLAY, Maxime. A genealogy of the concept of merit wants. The European journal of the history of economic thought, v. 24, n. 3, p. 409-440, 2017.
DESMARAIS-TREMBLAY, Maxime. The normative problem of merit goods in perspective. Forum for Social Economics. V. 48, p. 219, 2019.
DIMICK, Matthew. The Law and Economics of Redistribution. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, v. 15, p. 559-582, 2019.
DONATI, Pierpaolo, Scoprire i beni relazionali: per generare una nuova socialità. Soveria Mannelli, 2019
EFFERSON, Charles; et al. The promise and the peril of using social influence to reverse harmful traditions. Nature human behaviour, v. 4, n. 1, p. 55-68, 2020.
ENGEL, Christoph; SCHMELZER, André. Committing the English and the continental way: An experiment. Preprints of the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, 2017/16.
ENKE, Benjamin; et al. Moral Universalism and the Structure of Ideology. Cesifo Working Papers n. 7924, 2019.
FABBRI, Marco. Shaping Tastes and Values Through the Law: Law and Economics Meets Cultural Economics. Global Jurist, v. 19, n. 3, 2019.
FALK, Armin et al. Global evidence on economic preferences. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, v. 133, n. 4, p. 1645-1692, 2018.
FAUST, Florian. Comparative law and economic analysis of law. The Oxford handbook of comparative law. 2° ed., Oxford, 2019.
FENNELL, Lee Anne; MCADAMS, Richard H. The distributive deficit in law and economics. Minn. L. Rev., v. 100, p. 1051, 2016.
FINGER, Matthias; AUDOUIN, Maxime (Ed.). The Governance of Smart Transportation Systems: Towards New Organizational Structures for the Development of Shared, Automated, Electric and Integrated Mobility. Springer, 2019.
FIORITO, Luca; VATIERO, Massimiliano. A joint reading of positional and relational goods. Economia politica, v. 30, n. 1, p. 87-96, 2013.
FORUM DISUGUAGLIANZE DIVERSITÀ, 15 Proposte per la Giustizia Sociale – Ispirate dal Programma di Azione di Anthony Atkinson, Roma, 2019.
FOX, Eleanor M.; BAKHOUM, Mor. Making markets work for Africa: markets, development, and competition law in Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford University Press, 2019.
FREDMAN, Sandra. Comparative Human Rights Law. Oxford University Press, 2018.
FRISCHMANN, Brett M. Infrastructure: The social value of shared resources. Oxford University Press, 2012.
GERARD, Damien; LIANOS, Ioannis (Ed.). Reconciling Efficiency and Equity: A Global Challenge for Competition Policy. Cambridge University Press, 2019.
GRAHAM, Jesse et al. Moral foundations theory: on the advatanges of moral pluralism over moral monism. GRAY, Kurt; GRAHAM, Jesse (Ed.). Atlas of moral psychology. The Guilford Press, 2018.
GRÜNE-YANOFF, Till. Interdisciplinary success without integration. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, v. 6, n. 3, p. 343-360, 2016.
HENRICH, Joseph; MUTHUKRISHNA, Michael. The origins and psychology of human cooperation. A ser publicado no Annual Review of Psychology, 2021.
HIRSCHL, Ran; ROSEVEAR, Evan. Constitutional Law Meets Comparative Politics: Socio-Economic Rights and Political Realities (Chapter 10). CAMPBELL, Tom; Ewing, Keith D.; TOMKINS, Adam. The Legal Protection of Human Rights: Sceptical Essays, Oxford, 2011.
HOWLETT, Michael. Designing public policies: Principles and instruments. Routledge, 2019.
INBAR, Yoel. Applied moral psychology. GRAY, Kurt; GRAHAM, Jesse (Ed.). Atlas of moral psychology. The Guilford Press, 2018.
KANGER, Laur et al. Technological diffusion as a process of societal embedding: Lessons from historical automobile transitions for future electric mobility. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, v. 71, p. 47-66, 2019.
KOOS, Sebastian; SACHWEH, Patrick. The moral economies of market societies: popular attitudes towards market competition, redistribution and reciprocity in comparative perspective. Socio-Economic Review, v. 17, n. 4, p. 793-821, 2019.
KREMER, Michael et al. Behavioral Development Economics. BERNHEIM, B. Douglas; DELLAVIGNA, Stefano; LAIBSON, David. Handbook of Behavioral Economics-Foundations and Applications 2. Elsevier, 2019.
LANNEAU, Régis. To What Extent Should We Enrich Law and Economics? On Calabresi and his Future of Law and Economics. Global Jurist, v. 19, n. 3, 2019.
LEESON, Peter T. Do we need behavioral economics to explain law?. European Journal of Law and Economics, p. 1-14, 2019.
LEVMORE, Saul. Merit Goods, Calabresi-Goods, and Rent-Seeking: In Honor of Guido Calabresi’s The Future of Law and Economics. Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies, v. 16, n. 1, p. 129-141, 2017.
LIANOS, Ioannis. Competition Law as a Form of Social Regulation. The Antitrust Bulletin, v. 65, n. 1, p. 3-86, 2020.
LINARELLI, John. Behavioral Comparative Law: Its Relevance to Global Commercial Law-Making. In: N. Orkun Akseli & John Linarelli, The Future of Commercial Law: Ways Forward for Change and Reform. Hart 2019 Forthcoming, 2019.
MALCAI, Ofer. The Alternative Futures of Law and Economics: Comments on Guido Calabresi's The Future of Law and Economics. Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies, v. 16, n. 1, p. 83-100, 2017.
MELAMED, A. Douglas. Antitrust Law and Its Critics. A ser publicado em 83 Antitrust L.J., 2020.
MILANOVIC, Branko. Global inequality: A new approach for the age of globalization. Harvard University Press, 2016.
MILLER, Jonathan M. The influence of human rights and basic rights in private law in the United States. The American Journal of Comparative Law, v. 15, p. 577-593, 2016.
MOSER, Gustavo., Rethinking Choice of Law in Cross-Border Sales, Den Haag, 2018.
MÜLLER, Beate; MEYER, Gereon. Towards User-Centric Transport in Europe. Springer, Cham, 2018.
MUTHUKRISHNA, Michael et al. Beyond WEIRD psychology: measuring and mapping scales of cultural and psychological distance. A ser publicado em Psychol. Sc.
NAIDU, Suresh; et al. Economics after Neoliberalism: Introducing the EfIP Project. AEA Papers and Proceedings. 2020. p. 366-71.
NICITA, Antonio. Il rischio di una discrezionalità eccessiva. Mercato Concorrenza Regole, v. 18, n. 1, 2016.
OSTI, Cristoforo. Perché no?. Mercato Concorrenza Regole, v. 18, n. 1, 2016.
PARDOLESI, Roberto. Hipster antitrust e sconvolgimenti tettonici:«back to the future»?. Mercato Concorrenza Regole, v. 21, n. 1, p. 81-94, 2019.
PARDOLESI, Roberto. Non rinunciamo a provarci. Mercato Concorrenza Regole, v. 18, n. 1, 2016.
PIKETTY, Thomas. Capital and ideology. Harvard University Press, 2020.
PISTOR, Katharina. The code of capital: How the law creates wealth and inequality. Princeton University Press, 2019.
POSNER, Eric A.; SUNSTEIN, Cass R. Moral commitments in cost-benefit analysis. Va. L. Rev., v. 103, p. 1809, 2017.
RAHMAN, K. Sabeel; THELEN, Kathleen. The rise of the platform business model and the transformation of twenty-first-century capitalism. Politics & Society, v. 47, n. 2, p. 177-204, 2019.
RAMELLO, Giovanni B. The past, present and future of comparative law and economics. Comparative Law and Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016.
RAMPA, Lorenzo. Paternalismo, autonomia e diritti sociali: una rilettura in termini di analisi economica. Politica del diritto, v. 47, n. 3, p. 305-336, 2016.
RANCHORDÁS, Sofia; ROZNAI, Yaniv (Ed.). Time, Law, and Change: An Interdisciplinary Study. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020.
REICH, Charles A. The new property after 25 years. USFL Rev., v. 24, p. 223, 1990.
REICH, Charles A. The new property. The Yale Law Journal, v. 73, n. 5, p. 733-787, 1964. Tradução em italiano: D’URSO, Francesco. La nuova proprietà, Torino, 2014.
RESNIK, Judith. Constituting Security and Fairness: Reflecting on Charles Reich’s Imagination and Impact. The Yale L.J. Forum, 2020.
RICHARDS, Kenneth R.; VAN ZEBEN, Josephine. Policy Instruments in Environmental Law. Elgar Encyclopedia of Environmental Law. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2020. p. 1-13.
RIGGS, William (Ed.). Disruptive transport: Driverless cars, transport innovation and the sustainable city of tomorrow. Routledge, 2019.
ROBINSON, Lisa A.; et al. Attention to distribution in US regulatory analyses. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, v. 10, n. 2, p. 308-328, 2016.
ROSSI, Jim. Carbon Taxation by Regulation. Minn. L. Rev., v. 102, p. 277, 2017.
RÜHL, Giesela. Behavioural analysis and comparative law: improving the empirical foundation for comparative legal research. Research Methods in Consumer Law. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018.
SABBATINI, Pierluigi. Anti-inequality? Considerazioni sul tema antitrust e diseguaglianza. Mercato Concorrenza Regole, v. 18, n. 1, 2016.
SACCONI, Lorenzo. Non tutta la massimizzazione viene per nuocere (e i molti significati di “agente massimizzante”). SACCHI R. e TOFFOLETTO A. Esiste uno “stile giuridico” neoliberale?, Atti dei seminari per Francesco Denozza, Milano, 2019.
SALAMON, Lester M. The tools of government: A guide to the new governance. Oxford University Press, 2002.
SCANLON, Thomas. Why does inequality matter?. Oxford University Press, 2018.
SCARCELLA, Luisa. Fundamental Rights and Merit Goods: The Case of the VAT Exemptions in the Public Interest. Global Jurist, v. 19, n. 3, 2019.
SCHEIN, Chelsea. The importance of context in moral judgments. Perspectives on Psychological Science, v. 15, n. 2, p. 207-215, 2020.
SCHREFLER, Lorna. Social impact assessment. DUNLOP, Claire A.; RADAELLI, Claudio M. Handbook of Regulatory Impact Assessment. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016.
SCHULZ, Jonathan F. et al. The Church, intensive kinship, and global psychological variation. Science, v. 366, n. 6466, 2019.
SOCIETÀ ITALIANA DI POLITICHE DEI TRASPORTI, Innovazioni tecnologiche e governo della mobilità, Rimini, 2018.
SPARROW, Robert; HOWARD, Mark. Make way for the wealthy? Autonomous vehicles, markets in mobility, and social justice. Mobilities, p. 1-13, 2020.
SUNSTEIN, Cass R. Listen, Economists!. New York Review of Books, v. 93, n. 17, p. 53-54, 2016.
TAMANAHA, Brian Z. The knowledge and policy limits of New Institutional Economics on development. Journal of Economic Issues, v. 49, n. 1, p. 89-109, 2015.
TUZET, Giovanni. Calabresi and Mill: Bilateralism, Moral Externalities and Value Pluralism. Global Jurist, v. 19, n. 3, 2019.
UNDERHILL, Kristen. Money That Costs Too Much: Regulating Financial Incentives. Ind. LJ, v. 94, p. 1109, 2019.
UNDERHILL, Kristen. When extrinsic incentives displace intrinsic motivation: designing legal carrots and sticks to confront the challenge of motivational crowding-out. Yale J. on Reg., v. 33, p. 213, 2016.
VIÑUALES, Jorge E., The Organisation of the Anthropocene: In Our Hands?, Leiden/Boston, 2018.
VOIGT, Stefan. Institutional economics: An introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2019.
WHITE, Mark D. Nudging Merit Goods: Conceptual, Normative, and Practical Connections. Forum for Social Economics. Routledge, 2019
WIENER, Jonathan B.; RICHMAN, Barak D. Mechanism Choice. Farber Daniel A.; O’Connell Anne Joseph. Research Handbook on Public Choice and Public Law, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010.
WONG, Yale Z. et al. Mobility as a service (MaaS): Charting a future context. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, v. 131, p. 5-19, 2020.
WURZEL, Rüdiger; et al. Environmental governance in Europe: A comparative analysis of the use of new environmental policy instruments. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
Os autores mantêm os direitos autorais e concedem à Revista Brasileira de Estudos Políticos o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution. Essa licença permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista, desde que sem fins comerciais.
É permitido ainda que outros distribuam, adaptem e criem a partir do seu trabalho, sem fins comerciais, desde que lhe atribuam o devido crédito pela criação original.
Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online após o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
The authors maintain the copyright and grant the Brazilian Journal of Political Studies the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. This license allows the sharing of the work with authorship recognition and initial publication in this journal, as long as it is not for commercial purposes.
It is also allowed that others distribute, adapt and create from their work, without commercial purposes, as long as they attribute due credit for the original creation.
Authors are allowed to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (e.g., publish in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with authorship recognition and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are allowed and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online after the editorial process, as this can generate productive changes as well as increase the impact and citation of the published work.
